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HTTP

lazars — Tue, 03 Sep 2019 13:37:12 +0000

In order to access any website or embed a valid link you always have to write HTTP:// in front of the website’s address. Browsers and applications generate this part automatically to simplify the process, but it’s still absolutely necessary. HTTP(HyperText Transfer Protocol) is the fundamental protocol used in the World Wide Web for the transmission of messages since 1990 and it has been revisioned a few times since then.

How Does The HTTP Work?

Every time when you open a website using your web browser you are actually sending a request to a server via the HTTP protocol for content from that site. The main task for the protocol is to transport hypertext data. The HTTP utilizes (usually via web browser) the client-server model by sending requests to a server that responds by providing the content from a certain website (or returning an error message if the page cannot be accessed). Every kind of software that needs to access some Internet content uses the HTTP protocol.

HTTP Specifics

One of the characteristics of the HTTP is that it’s a stateless protocol that doesn’t save information about sessions or participants in the communication, so every request to the server is treated separately. However, some applications can gather information about subsequent requests, thus tracking users’ activity. These are cookies, HTTP sessions, JavaScript, etc. HTTPS (or HTTP Secure) is the most widely used method for securing an HTTP connection with the use of the encrypting protocols SSL or TLS.

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DHCP

lazars — Tue, 03 Sep 2019 13:35:57 +0000

DHCP or Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol is a protocol that determines and assigns IP addresses for devices on a network. A DHCP server can recognize a device and assign it an IP address automatically. This makes administration easier because the network administrator doesn’t have to manually assign IP addresses every time a device connects to the network. If you use a router in-home network, for example, you’re probably already using DHCP. However, the fact that it has DHCP enabled doesn’t make it a DHCP server.

How Does DHCP Work?

Have you ever used a printer that’s connected to your local network? Are you wondering how it keeps its network assignment? Every device on the network has a MAC address. You can assign a static IP at the server to a specific MAC address. This allows the network printer to always get the same IP even after it reboots and without assigning the IP to the printer. If you print the network configuration at the printer, it will probably tell you that DHCP is enabled and no static IP is assigned. That’s because the IP assignment is handled at the server.

DHCP – Pros and Cons

Aside from being a huge convenience, DHCP is also very reliable. It ensures stability in several ways – periodic renewal, rebinding, and failover. The DHCP clients are given leases that are valid for some time period. The client attempts a lease renewal when half of the lease period has passed. If that server is down for some reason the request will be repeated by the client from time to time as it tries to renew its lease. Security-wise however, DHCP is not as well thought out. It doesn’t contain any mechanism for authentication. This makes it vulnerable to a number of attacks.

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URL

lazars — Tue, 03 Sep 2019 13:35:07 +0000

URL which is an abbreviation for Uniform Resource Locator is used to navigate to any file, page, graphic, document or a program that’s accessible on the World Wide Web. The URL itself consist of a formatted string of text which points the software to the desired online resource. The URL consists of the name of the protocol which is utilized to get to the file resource, a domain name that points to a specific computer on the Internet, and a pathname, which hierarchically describes the location of a file in the same computer.

How Does URL Work?

A URL or Universal Resource Locator is basically an IP address that has been converted into words so it’s simpler for humans to understand and remember. When you type a URL into your browser you are connecting to a server at a specific IP location. You make the URL associated with the IP by using a DNS (domain name server). The DNS system is, in fact, a network of its own. If a DNS server can’t find the entry or doesn’t understand a particular domain name, it sends the request to another one, and so on, until the correct IP address is returned.

URL Shortening

URL shortening is a technique that allows the user to convert a long web address to a shorter version that still points to the original online resource. The technique may be useful in several situations. For example, free hosting space may generate a URL that’s hard to memorize or doesn’t look too well. Many users of social network sites like Twitter that have a character restriction use URL shorteners to make links fit easier in messages. This method bears some security risks. You must entirely trust the source that provides you with a shortened link because you can’t see the original. This is often used by spammers and hackers.

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IP Address

lazars — Tue, 03 Sep 2019 13:34:17 +0000

The IP address enables us to connect all our devices in a network. You cannot send or receive messages from another device if you don’t know its IP. Every computer or other device connected to a network and using the Internet Protocol is given a unique number identifying where it is located in that network – what is its IP address. All addresses are managed and assigned by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), which delegates its rights to the five Regional Internet Registries that are globally coordinated and responsible for the registrations of IP addresses over the world. The RIRs allocate the addresses to local ISPs and other organizations.

Types of IP Addresses

There are two basic types of IP addresses: static and dynamic addresses. The static IP address is usually permanent unless it is configured by an administrator. Computers and other devices are usually assigned a temporary dynamic IP address generated by a DHCP server when they are connected to the Internet. When it’s online your personal computer usually gets its IP address from your Internet Service Provider. The IP address is written in binary digits, but it is usually represented in the easier to read decimal (for IPv4) or hexadecimal (for IPv6) system. IPv4 and IPv6 are the latest two versions of the Internet Protocol and present standards. All devices support the widely used IPv4 and some already support both.

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IPv6

lazars — Tue, 03 Sep 2019 13:33:41 +0000

IPv6 is the last version of the IP protocol, developed to replace the IPv4, which is running out of free IP addresses. That is because IPv4 uses only 32 bits for Internet addresses, so it can support just 2^32 addresses, while IPv6 uses 128 bits for its IP addresses and supports 2^128. That makes up for much bigger address space that is not likely to run out of addresses. IPv6 not only provides much more IP addresses, but it also improves on some of the IPv4 features: it offers different, more efficient packet headers, stateless address autoconfiguration, and integrated IPsec. An IPv6 address is represented via the hexadecimal system with four digits in eight groups separated with colons like this: 3001:0db8:85b3:0022:0000:8a2e:0310:7330.

The Transition From IPv4 To IPv6

To avoid big problems for the Internet we should gradually switch from the limited, but predominantly used IPv4 to IPv6. Although these two protocols are not very different from each other the transition can’t be done at once, because they are independent, parallel networks that aren’t compatible and communicate with each other only via special gateways and tunneling. Servers, routers, and computers (most recent operating systems already support IPv6) also need to be modified to support both protocols if they want to access both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses. Most of these devices could be updated solely with software and firmware upgrades. However, these updates won’t be always possible and will require money and time. For now, only a small percentage of all Internet networks support IPv6.

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IPv4

lazars — Tue, 03 Sep 2019 13:32:50 +0000

IPv4 is a version of the IP(Internet Protocol) that is fundamental for the operation of the Internet. It is the primal Internet protocol responsible for transmitting data packages and locating hosts. There are two IP versions that are used today: IPv4 and IPv6. IPv4 is the predominant version of the Internet Protocol at the present. Some of the IPv4 addresses are reserved by IANA for special purposes including private networks or multicast.

IP Address

The IP enables the communication between devices in a network. That’s why every device connected to a network using the IP protocol is given a unique numeric identifier that defines where it is on the Internet – that is its IP address. Personal computers and other devices usually have dynamic IP addresses generated by a DHCP server on the network they are currently using and could be easily changed. However, servers have static IP addresses in order to be always quickly accessed at the same address.

IPv4 Addresses

IPv4 addresses have 32 bits (or 4 bytes) expressed with the decimal numeral system for convenience. They consist of the 8 bits/1 octets represented as decimal numbers (four numbers ranging from 0 to 255), separated by periods. This limits the possible IPv4 addresses to about 4.3 billion. Now almost all of these addresses are assigned and for that reason, the IPv6 has been developed and it supports 128-bit addresses. In 2011 the last 8 address blocks were assigned and some companies started switching from IPv4 to the new protocol.

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Domain Name System (DNS)

lazars — Tue, 03 Sep 2019 13:30:34 +0000

What exactly happens when you enter a domain name in your web browser, how does the browser locate the website you need? There are millions of domain names on the Internet and though they are intelligible and easy to remember for us, they are not that well suited for computers as the numeric IP addresses. The Domain Name System, also called DNS is responsible for matching the domain names to the corresponding IP addresses, so when you are looking for a website and make a request from your browser, the Domain Name System helps you find the server hosting the website you want to access. This means that every time you type a domain name in your browser bar you are sending a request to a DNS server asking it for the IP address of that website or device (every device connected to the Internet has an IP address).

DNS Server

The Domain Name System is regularly compared to a phonebook that enables you to call for any website. However, with DNS the “phone numbers” and corresponding names are kept safe and accessible for anyone with internet connection on DNS servers (name servers). DNS servers are important, because every time you send a request to a website you’re not directly connected to it, but to a DNS server, which translates the website’s domain name into its IP address and then sends it to your computer, so you can finally reach the server that hosts the website using the IP address.

So, every time you visit a website, transfer files or send emails the DNS server looks up the domain name. You can avoid sending a request to the name server by writing the IP address directly into the browser. The IP of a website can be changed and one domain name may have a few IP addresses.

How Does The DNS Server Work?

There are two Internet namespaces(of domain names and IP addresses) that are coordinated by DNS servers. The name servers store the information for all existing domain names and their DNS records. In order for this huge database to work effectively, there are millions of interconnected DNS servers that distribute the requests among themselves.

So, when you make a DNS lookup request (want to visit a website, send an email, etc.) you contact a local DNS server asking it for the IP of the website. If that server has the information for the domain in its database it directly sends it back to you. If it doesn’t have the information in its database it asks another server or more if needed. When the server receives the information from another server it sends it back to you and caches it in case there is more request for that domain later.

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